Cybersecurity

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====== Insecure Direct Object References ======

===== IDOR Overview =====

To be continued...



===== Zseano IDOR Additions =====

  * Try integers even when you see GUIDs -- server may accept both formats
  * Inject ''"id":"1"'' into JSON POST bodies even when not normally present
  * Hunt **mobile apps first** -- they use APIs directly, usually weaker
  * Look specifically for PUT requests -- they modify data by ID
  * Blind IDORs: no visible response but action still occurs (check email, data changes)
  * Change file type extension on resource endpoint: ''.json'' vs ''.xml'' vs ''.csv''

**High-value targets:** password changes, private documents, receipts, DM systems, payment views.

  * [[zseano:idor|Full Zseano IDOR Guide]]


====== BBC Ch 10: Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) ======

//Merged from Bug Bounty Bootcamp Ch 10 by Vickie Li//

===== How IDORs Work =====

IDOR is a missing access control vulnerability. It happens when an application grants access to a resource based directly on the user-supplied object reference (ID, filename, number) without verifying that the requesting user is authorized to access that object.

**Read IDOR:** ''https://example.com/messages?user_id=1234'' -- change to ''user_id=1233'' and you read another user's messages. The server returns whatever ID you ask for without checking your identity.

**Write IDOR:** the same applies to POST requests that modify data:

<code>
POST /change_password
(POST body)
user_id=1233&new_password=12345
</code>

If the server doesn't confirm that user_id corresponds to the logged-in session, you can change any user's password.

**File IDOR:** endpoints like ''https://example.com/uploads?file=user1234-01.jpeg'' follow a predictable naming scheme. Swap in another user's ID to access their files. If the app passes the filename directly to the filesystem, path traversal payloads like ''file=/PATH/TO/etc/shadow'' can read system files. Path traversal is covered in Ch 17.

===== Prevention =====

Two defenses, best used in combination:

  * **Access control check** -- before returning a resource, verify that the session's authenticated user is authorized to access the requested object (e.g., session cookie's user_id matches the requested user_id)
  * **Unpredictable IDs** -- use hashed or random identifiers instead of sequential integers; hashing with a secret key makes IDs unguessable even if the scheme is known

Randomization alone is not sufficient -- IDs can still leak via other endpoints. The best protection is fine-grained access control combined with randomized IDs.

===== Hunting for IDORs =====

==== Step 1: Create Two Accounts ====

Create an attacker account and a victim account. Create accounts at each permission level if the application has multiple roles (admin, regular user, group member, non-group-member). Also test unauthenticated -- some IDORs are accessible without any session at all.

If the application limits account creation, explain to the company that you are participating in their bug bounty and ask for test accounts.

==== Step 2: Discover Features ====

Using your highest-privilege account, go through every application feature and note every endpoint that:
  * Returns user information
  * Modifies user data

Example inventory for ''example.com'':

<code>
GET  https://example.com/messages?user_id=1236         (read messages)
GET  https://example.com/uploads?file=user1236-01.jpeg (read file)
POST /delete_message  body: message_id=user1236-0111   (delete message)
GET  https://example.com/group_files?group=group3      (group file access)
POST /delete_group    body: group=group3                (delete group)
</code>

REST APIs and GraphQL endpoints are also frequently vulnerable to IDOR -- apply the same testing methodology to them.

==== Step 3: Capture Requests ====

Browse through each sensitive feature with Burp intercepting. Look for any parameter carrying a number, username, or ID in:
  * URL query parameters
  * POST body parameters
  * Filepaths
  * HTTP headers (including cookies)

For efficiency: open two browsers, log into attacker in one and victim in the other. Use Burp to modify requests from the attacker browser to use victim account IDs, and observe whether the victim account is affected in the other browser.

==== Step 4: Change the IDs ====

Swap in the victim account's IDs and check if you receive victim data or can modify victim resources. If any request succeeds in returning or modifying another user's data, you have found an IDOR.

===== Bypassing IDOR Protection =====

==== Encoded and Hashed IDs ====

When IDs look like random strings, try decoding them:
  * ''MTIzNQ'' is the base64url-encoded version of ''1235''
  * ''MTIzNg'' is ''1236''

Use Burp Decoder's Smart Decode feature to identify the encoding scheme automatically. Once you know the encoding, encode your fake IDs and test.

If the app uses a hashed or randomized ID, check whether it has sufficient entropy. Create several accounts and analyze the ID generation pattern -- sometimes low-entropy algorithms produce predictable values.

==== Leaked IDs ====

Even with randomized IDs, they may leak elsewhere. For example, the app might expose a hashed ''conversation_id'' on individual messages, but allow you to list all ''conversation_ids'' for any user just by supplying a public ''user_id'':

<code>
GET /messages?user_id=1236       (returns list of conversation_ids for user 1236)
GET /messages?conversation_id=01SUR7GJ43HS93VAR8xxxx   (returns the messages)
</code>

Look for ID leakage in API responses, profile pages, and any public-facing endpoints.

==== Offer an ID When None Is Expected ====

Some apps identify the current user via session cookie and don't accept an explicit user_id parameter in the request. But a fallback parameter may exist for backward compatibility or developer convenience. If the normal request looks like this:

<code>
GET /api/v1/messages
Host: example.com
Cookies: session=YOUR_SESSION_COOKIE
</code>

Try appending an ID:

<code>
GET /api/v1/messages?user_id=ANOTHER_USERS_ID
</code>

==== Blind IDORs ====

Some IDORs don't return data directly in the HTTP response -- the leaked data appears elsewhere: email, export files, text alerts. For example, requesting another user's receipt:

<code>
POST /get_receipt
(POST body)
receipt_id=2983
</code>

The HTTP response may not change, but the receipt could be emailed to the account that owns it, or show up in a monthly report. Watch your email inbox after triggering these endpoints.

==== Change the Request Method ====

If one HTTP method is blocked, try others. Applications often enable multiple methods on the same endpoint but apply access controls unevenly:

<code>
GET  example.com/uploads/user1236-01.jpeg   (blocked)
DELETE example.com/uploads/user1236-01.jpeg (may work)
PUT  example.com/uploads/user1236-01.jpeg   (may allow overwrite)
POST /get_receipt  body: receipt_id=2983
GET  /get_receipt?receipt_id=2983           (rewrite as GET)
</code>

==== Change the Requested File Type ====

Try appending a different file extension to the request:

<code>
GET /get_receipt?receipt_id=2983        (blocked)
GET /get_receipt?receipt_id=2983.json   (may bypass access check)
</code>

Applications that store data in JSON may handle authorization differently depending on how the resource type is requested.

===== Escalating the Attack =====

Target the most sensitive functionalities first:

  * **Write IDORs** on password reset, password change, and account recovery have the highest impact -- they lead to account takeover
  * **Read IDORs** on direct messages, private content, and personal information are high-impact data exposures
  * **Combinations**: write IDOR + self-XSS = stored XSS that fires on any victim account; IDOR on a password reset endpoint + username enumeration = mass account takeover; write IDOR on an admin account = potential RCE escalation

===== Automating IDOR Hunting =====

  * **Burp Intruder** -- iterate through sequential IDs to find valid objects
  * **Autorize** (github.com/Quitten/Autorize) -- Burp extension that automatically re-issues requests with a lower-privilege session to detect authorization failures
  * **Auto Repeater** (github.com/nccgroup/AutoRepeater) and **AuthMatrix** (github.com/SecurityInnovation/AuthMatrix) -- automate switching cookies, headers, and parameters to test access control across sessions

===== 7-Step Checklist =====

  - Create two accounts at each role level; designate one as attacker, one as victim.
  - Discover every feature that returns or modifies user data.
  - Intercept all sensitive requests with a proxy; identify parameters containing IDs.
  - Swap in victim IDs using the attacker session; check if access is granted.
  - If IDs are encoded or hashed, decode them; look for leaked IDs in other endpoints.
  - Try offering IDs when none are requested; try alternate HTTP methods and file extensions.
  - Monitor email and export files for blind IDOR data leakage.