Cybersecurity

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====== Discovery ======

===== Find the road less traveled =====

This means find the application (or parts of an application) less tested. In wide scoped projects the flagship application will most liekly be heavily assessed.

  * ^.acme.com scope is your friend
  * Find domains via Google (and others!)
  * Can be automated well via recon-ng and other tools.
  * Port scan for obscure web servers or services (on all domains)
  * Find acquisitions and the bounty acquisition rules
  * Google has a 6 month rule
  * Functionality changes or re-designs
  * Mobile websites
  * New mobile app versions
  * Searching parent company by trademark or privacy policy

===== Tool: Recon-ng script (enumall.sh) =====
https://github.com/jhaddix/domain

===== LMGTFY: Let Me GOOGLE That For You =====
site:paypal.com -www.paypal.com -www.sandbox

===== List of Mergers and Acquisitions: =====
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Facebook

===== Port Scanning =====
Port scanning is not just for Netpen! A full port scan of all your new found targets will usually yield #win:

  * separate webapps
  * extraneous services
  * Facebook had Jenkins Script console with no auth
  * IIS.net had rdp open vulnerable to MS12_020

''nmap -sS -A -PN -p- --script=http-title dontscanme.bro''

(syn scan, OS + service fingerprint, no ping, all ports, http titles)



===== Zseano Recon Pipeline =====

<code bash>
# Full subdomain pipeline
amass enum -brute -active -d target.com -o amass.txt
subfinder -d target.com >> amass.txt
cat amass.txt | sort -u | httprobe -p http:81 -p http:3000 -p https:8443 -c 50 | tee online.txt
cat amass.txt | dnsgen - | httprobe >> online.txt
cat online.txt | aquatone

# Historical URLs
gau target.com | sort -u > gau.txt
waybackurls target.com | sort -u >> gau.txt
</code>

**Google dorks:**
<code>
site:target.com inurl:& -movies
site:target.com ext:php | ext:aspx | ext:jsp | ext:bak | ext:xml
</code>

**GitHub/Shodan:** search ''"target.com"'' + ''api_key'', ''password'', ''secret''

**Subdomain keywords to prioritize:** ''dev'', ''qa'', ''staging'', ''admin'', ''internal'', ''api''

  * [[zseano:recon|Full Zseano Recon Guide]]


====== BBC Ch 5: Recon -- Expanded Techniques ======

//Merged from Bug Bounty Bootcamp Ch 5 by Vickie Li//

===== Manually Walking the Application =====

Before any tools, manually browse every feature:
  * Click every link, use every function (payments, uploads, events, admin)
  * Create accounts at every privilege level
  * Note all data entry points -- these are your attack surface

===== Google Dorking =====

| Operator | Example | Use |
|---|---|---|
| `site:` | `site:*.example.com` | All subdomains |
| `inurl:` | `inurl:app/kibana` | URL pattern |
| `intitle:` | `intitle:"index of"` | Directory listings |
| `filetype:` | `filetype:log` | File extension |
| `-` | `"how to hack" -php` | Exclude term |

<code>
site:s3.amazonaws.com COMPANY_NAME
site:example.com ext:php
site:example.com ext:txt password
site:example.com inurl:app/kibana
</code>

Check the **Google Hacking Database (GHDB)** at exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database for community-built dorks.

===== WHOIS, IPs, and ASNs =====

<code>
whois facebook.com                          # registrant info
nslookup facebook.com                       # domain to IP
whois 157.240.2.35                          # IP ownership + NetRange
whois -h whois.cymru.com 157.240.2.35       # IP to ASN
</code>

If the org has a dedicated ASN (own IP block), all IPs in the range belong to them.

**Reverse WHOIS:** search ViewDNS.info by org name/email to find all domains owned by the same entity.

===== Certificate Parsing =====

<code>
curl "https://crt.sh/?q=example.com&output=json" | jq -r '.[].name_value'
</code>

Returns all hostnames in the cert's Subject Alternative Name field -- reveals subdomains across all services.

===== Subdomain Enumeration =====

<code>
sublist3r -d example.com
gobuster dns -d example.com -w /path/to/wordlist.txt
amass enum -d example.com
sort -u wordlist1.txt wordlist2.txt > combined.txt
</code>

Pattern-based: if you find `1.example.com` and `3.example.com`, try `2.example.com`. Use **Altdns** to generate permutations automatically. Run enumeration recursively on discovered subdomains.

===== Service and Port Enumeration =====

<code>
nmap example.com -sV               # open ports + version detection
</code>

Passive alternatives: **Shodan**, **Censys**, **Project Sonar** -- query without touching the target.

Non-standard ports (8080, 8443, 3000, 8888) often host admin panels, dev services, or debug interfaces.

===== Directory Brute-Forcing =====

<code>
./dirsearch.py -u example.com -e php
gobuster dir -u https://example.com -w wordlist.txt
</code>

  * 200: accessible -- check the content
  * 403: exists but protected -- attempt bypass (HTTP method, path normalization, header injection)
  * 404: doesn't exist

Screenshot all found pages with **EyeWitness** for fast visual triage.

===== Spidering =====

OWASP ZAP: Tools > Spider. Feed a starting URL; ZAP recursively visits all linked pages and builds a site map. Good for finding hidden endpoints not linked from the main nav.

===== S3 Buckets =====

<code>
aws s3 ls s3://BUCKET_NAME/
aws s3 cp s3://BUCKET_NAME/FILE /tmp/

# Write test (clean up after):
aws s3 cp testfile s3://BUCKET_NAME/
aws s3 rm s3://BUCKET_NAME/testfile
</code>

Tools: **lazys3**, **GrayhatWarfare** (buckets.grayhatwarfare.com), **Bucket Stream**

Exposed buckets can contain credentials, source code, logs, user data. Write access = critical severity.

===== GitHub Recon =====

<code>
# Search code for secrets
# GitHub code search: org:COMPANY_NAME password
# or
trufflehog git https://github.com/COMPANY/REPO
gitrob analyze COMPANY_NAME
</code>

Look at:
  * Issues and Commits sections for unresolved bugs and security patches
  * Config files for credentials, bucket URLs, internal endpoints
  * Outdated dependencies -- cross-reference with CVE database
  * Blame and History for recently removed secrets

Validate credentials: **KeyHacks** (github.com/streaak/keyhacks)

===== OSINT =====

  * **Job listings** -- reveal tech stack; "Experience with Flask, EC2, RDS" tells you exactly what they run
  * **LinkedIn** -- employee skills = company tech; engineers' blogs and StackOverflow answers leak architecture details
  * **Pastebin** -- search the org name; engineers sometimes paste source code or server logs
  * **SlideShare** -- conference slides often reveal internal architecture
  * **Wayback Machine** + **waybackurls** -- extract all archived URLs; find old endpoints and forgotten subdomains

===== Tech Stack Fingerprinting =====

<code>
curl -I https://example.com
# Server: Apache/2.0.6 (Ubuntu)
# X-Powered-By: PHP/5.0.1
# X-Generator: Drupal 8
# Set-Cookie: PHPSESSID=...        <- PHP
# Set-Cookie: JSESSIONID=...       <- Java/Tomcat
</code>

  * View source: search for "powered by", "built with", "running"
  * File extensions in URLs: `.php`, `.asp`, `.cfm`, `.jsp`
  * Directories: `/jinja2/` = Django, `/phpmyadmin/` = PHP+MySQL
  * Browser extension: **Wappalyzer** | Website: **BuiltWith.com** | **StackShare.io**
  * **Retire.js** for outdated JavaScript libraries

Once you have the version, check CVE database (cve.mitre.org) for public exploits.

===== Recon Bash Script =====

<code bash>
#!/bin/bash
# ./recon.sh -m [nmap-only|dirsearch-only|crt-only] domain1 domain2

PATH_TO_DIRSEARCH="/path/to/dirsearch"

nmap_scan()      { nmap $DOMAIN > $DIRECTORY/nmap; }
dirsearch_scan() { $PATH_TO_DIRSEARCH/dirsearch.py -u $DOMAIN -e php --simple-report=$DIRECTORY/dirsearch; }
crt_scan()       { curl "https://crt.sh/?q=$DOMAIN&output=json" -o $DIRECTORY/crt; }

while getopts "m:" OPTION; do
    case $OPTION in
        m) MODE=$OPTARG ;;
    esac
done

for i in "${@:$OPTIND:$#}"; do
    DOMAIN=$i
    DIRECTORY=${DOMAIN}_recon
    mkdir -p $DIRECTORY

    case $MODE in
        nmap-only)      nmap_scan ;;
        dirsearch-only) dirsearch_scan ;;
        crt-only)       crt_scan ;;
        *)              nmap_scan; dirsearch_scan; crt_scan ;;
    esac

    TODAY=$(date)
    echo "Scan: $DOMAIN -- $TODAY" > $DIRECTORY/report
    [ -f $DIRECTORY/nmap ]      && grep -E "^\s*\S+\s+\S+\s+\S*$" $DIRECTORY/nmap >> $DIRECTORY/report
    [ -f $DIRECTORY/dirsearch ] && cat $DIRECTORY/dirsearch >> $DIRECTORY/report
    [ -f $DIRECTORY/crt ]       && jq -r '.[] | .name_value' $DIRECTORY/crt >> $DIRECTORY/report
done
</code>